I just realised how long this thread is.... Sorry,
Make a cup of tea now, by the time you have read this post it will be ready to pour, if you like strong tea that is .....:lol
Normally the engine is overcooled, the viscous fan keeps the engine cool for ages even before the thermostat opens. (check operation of viscous fan).
The Ram effect helps to cool it. A problem in our winter, I usually place a ply panel behind the top part of the rad, to keep warm in the winter....:naughty
It seems you problem starts as soon as the thermostat should open, passing all the excess heat to the rad.:nenau
1 Check out the thermostat, blocked, broken, test in an "old" saucepan and add water and heat, check temperature' notice at what temperature it starts to open, then temperature when fully open. 80 C to 85 C I would guess.....
Suspend the stat with a piece of wire above the bottom of the pan.
2 You could have a clogged radiator,check the crud in the coolant when you remove the lower hose on the rad.
When changing the coolant, back flush the rad, to remove debris.
None of the above incurrs any major cost, and since you are changing the coolant, virtually nothing. Maybe an hour of your time.
Raising the boiling temperature of the coolant by pressure and antifreeze means that the water in the engine won't turn to steam, for way over the normal operating temperature. So the engine could run into the red line area, BUT you may not know the reason why, no water could be fatal to the engine.
But the operation of your engine is not normal. :doh
I have towed 2 tonnes for 4 hours in temperatures of close to 30C in the UK( one of those Hot days a few years back). NOT many hills though, the gauge never moved from less than 50% up.
If you do overheat, open the windows, put the interior heater on full, aim the vents outside through the window. A technique we brits did with 1970's cars, and some still do..:thumbs
Do not open the rad cap when HOT as the pressure stops the water boiling, and if you suddenly release the pressure, it turns the water into "Super heated" Steam.
To check the real temperature, get a hand held electronic thermometer, I have a multimeter with a temperature probe, and check different parts of the water cooled block/ head, radiator etc
Hope this helps, Best regards, Rustic.
Edit: add a bit more....
Temperature senders are not linear, they come in different resistances, so if the wrong sensor is used it might only be right at one temperature, if your lucky.
Like the clock that is stopped it can be right twice a day.... but you don't know when..